Space is among the harshest and least hospitable environments for humans. Every human biological system is affected by the space environment. The biological stress has a deleterious impact on health and physical capabilities, and the extreme conditions and isolation take a significant toll on mental performance and behavior. By 2040, hundreds of people will be in space at any given time, and more than 80% of those are predicted to be private citizens; for the reliability, safety, health, and enjoyment of those private participants, new solutions and therapeutics are needed to maintain health and wellbeing.