As we move toward the “virtual cell” and ultimately the “virtual organism,” the AIxBIO ecosystem faces a fundamental challenge: where does biology actually compute? While our ability to measure molecular events has advanced dramatically, predicting how those signals translate into emergent, system-level outcomes remains a core bottleneck in programmable biology. This session brings together leaders across AI, synthetic biology, and medicine to explore the computational bottleneck, mapping where predictive power breaks down from molecules to cells to organisms. It will examine how to measure emergence at scale by generating causal, time-resolved, perturbation-rich datasets across diverse biological contexts, and how to close the reality gap with in vivo feedback, using next-generation sensors and real-world data to continuously calibrate and validate models in living systems.

Why do so many in silico models fail when moved to the lab or clinic? Too often, they’re trained on incomplete, non-human, or non-representative datasets. This session tackles the “data gap” head-on: from interoperability bottlenecks and the black box problem to the limits of current virtual cell simulations (~50 million perturbations vs. the billions biology demands). Panelists will explore how to create “human-first” datasets that reflect real biology, unlock mechanistic interoperability, and close the discovery–development divide. The goal: build AI tools that can directly identify viable drug candidates instead of stalling in silico.